At the 2008 National STD Prevention Conference held in Chicago in early March, Dr. Sara Forhan released an alarming set of data referring to a study of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in female teenagers. Forhan studied 838 participants in the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination survey, all of whom were female teenagers between the ages of 14 and 19. The study showed that approximately one in four teens had one of the four most common STDs found in women-HPV (Human papillomavirus,) Chlamydia, HSV-2 (Herpes simplex virus type 2), or Trichomoniasis.
At the 2008 National STD Prevention Conference held in Chicago in early March, Dr. Sara Forhan released an alarming set of data referring to a study of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in female teenagers.
Forhan studied 838 participants in the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination survey, all of whom were female teenagers between the ages of 14 and 19. The study showed that approximately one in four teens had one of the four most common STDs found in women-HPV (Human papillomavirus,) Chlamydia, HSV-2 (Herpes simplex virus type 2), or Trichomoniasis.
That is 3.2 million members of America?s female population that have STDs that can cause lifelong damages such as genital cancers, genital herpes, and infertility, among other symptoms. Out of those 3.2 million, 15 percent have more than one of the four major STDs.
While there is no comparable data for male teenagers or young adults between the ages of 20 and 24, it is no secret that STDs in teen and young adults are on the rise. Quite often, it is more difficult to detect STDs that are generally symptom-free, such as HPV and Chlamydia in men, who typically do not undergo regular STD screening tests such as those for women. While the diseases are more prevalent in certain genders and backgrounds, it?s time for every one of us to take to step back to see what we?re up against and how we can fix this ever-growing problem.
Of the four STDs targeted in this study, the most prevalent STD found in teen girls was HPV, which affected 18 percent of the study's participants. According to the Center for Disease Control, over 25 percent of women aged 20 to 24 also have the disease at any given time. The majority of the American population will come in contact with one of the many strains of HPV before their 50th birthday. This is especially unfortunate because there is a strong link between HPV and cervical, penile, and anal cancers, as well as the occasional case of genital warts.
Next comes Chlamydia, a disease with little to no detectable symptoms. The rate of Chlamydia has gone up 36% in men and 16% in women from 2002 to 2006, the CDC says. Still, the disease is more than three times more common in women than men. Unfortunately for these women, Chlamydia is an extremely destructive force if left untreated and can lead to damage of the reproductive organs and infertility.
One out of five adolescents has genital herpes, the catalyst of which is primarily HSV-2, according to the CDC. Apart from genital herpes outbreaks, which do not occur right away and may be mistaken for another condition such as skin irritation in the early stages, there is no way to track HSV-2.
"Genital HSV-2 infection is more common in women (approximately one out of four women) than in men (almost one out of eight),? the CDC website states. "This may be due to male-to-female transmission being more likely than female-to-male transmission."
Forhan's study also found a disparity in the race of infected teenagers in her study. While 20 percent of non-Hispanic whites and Mexican females were infected with one of the main four STDs, a shocking 48 percent of African-American females were affected.
"Factors contributing to the severe STD impact among African Americans include limited access to quality health care, as well as poverty. Additionally, a higher prevalence of STDs in this population may translate into a greater risk of being exposed. Finally, misperceptions of personal or partner risk may also be factors in increased risk for STDs among African American women," says Nikki Kay of the Center of Disease Control.
However, Dr. John Douglas, Director of the STD Prevention Division at the CDC, assures that the minority trend is not exclusive to African-Americans. ?When compared to whites, the Chlamydia rate among Hispanics is three times higher and the gonorrhea rate is twice as high. Hispanics also have the second highest rate of syphilis in the nation, followed closely by Native American/Alaska Natives, who also have the second highest rate of gonorrhea and Chlamydia in the U.S."
Overall, young females have more STDs than young males. Young African-Americans have more STDs than other races. Now we must consider that statement and ask ourselves why this is happening.
"We are seriously overdue to re-invent 'sex education' - to ensure that adolescents gain understanding about the underlying gender norms that actually shape much of their sexual health and well-being. Specifically, policies and programs need to emphasize young people?s critical thinking skills and their awareness of gender issues," Nicole Haberland and Debbie Rogow say in an editorial reacting to Forhan's study. The two authors wrote the article on behalf of the Population Council, a program which seeks to improve programs and policies for HIV/AIDS; poverty, gender, and youth; and reproductive health.
Haberland and Rogow suggest that the rise in STDs is directly linked to America?s perception of the traditional gender roles men and women play out in a sexual relationship.
"Girls who are submissive to male partners, or who agree that males should 'have more power in the relationship' are less able and less likely to negotiate condom use or to refuse unwanted sex. Boys who are socialized to equate masculinity with physical strength, emotional toughness, and aggressive behavior; with proving their heterosexuality; and with having multiple sexual partners are also at greater risk."
According to the authors, the only way to fix the problem is to develop a stronger focus on gender dynamics among teens. This focus is absent in most sexual education programs, whether they are abstinence or prevention-based.
"Unfortunately, sex educators in the US are busy battling right wing opposition and have had little time or space to heed this call,? Haberland and Rogow explain. "Indeed, most sex education programs ignore gender issues, or touch on them at best superficially."
The call for education on gender relations and stereotypes also offer a solution to the controversial call for "sex education" to be taught at a younger age since many students drop out of school before high school, when sexual education is usually taught. The authors discuss this in a November 2005 article entitled Sexuality and Relationships Education: toward a Social Studies Approach:
"Unfortunately, in some cases, implementing this shift boils focusing only on negative aspects of sexuality (protection against abuse) or on lessons about intercourse and contraception for children who are not prepared for such information. In contrast, a culturally appropriate focus on social norms related to gender might also be considerably more appropriate for under-12 children than focusing predominantly on sexuality per se."
Even when taught to teens, Haberland and Rogow have found that the few gender-based sexual education programs that exist have had their success. In Latin America, the Project H program for young males targets gender awareness issues. An evaluation of the program showed more condom use and less STD symptoms among its participants.
In the US, where there is also a great concern about the growing levels of STDs in youth, the authors have also found a program that?s got the attention of teens. "Another example, closer to home, is the Brooklyn-based nonprofit Scenarios USA. Scenarios sponsors a critical thinking and creative writing program through public school districts in New York City, Cleveland, South Texas, and Miami, as well as through Planned Parenthood and through Black Entertainment Television."
Scenarios USA presents a new theme based around issues of love, sex, and gender every year. This year?s theme is "What?s the real deal about masculinity?" The theme was discussed through a story, play, and scriptwriting contest, which will be translated into publications, performances, and films that will be displayed throughout high schools and via television.
The data released by Dr. Sara Forhan at the National STD Prevention Conference only supports a pattern that America has been trying to deter for years though health and education programs. STDs have a significant prevalence in teens between age 14 and 19, as well as young adults between age 20 and 24. This is especially true for women and minorities, who are as much affected by society?s social constructs as they are sexually transmitted diseases.
It is only through gaining a greater understanding of our own strengths and, perhaps more importantly, vulnerabilities that teens can conquer the norms of sex as we know it. We need to recognize the faults of traditional gender roles and utilize that knowledge to protect ourselves from undesirable sexual situations and consequences.
Those who see themselves as being in a favorable sexual situation must still be aware of both contraceptive and STD screening services available to them, both of which are crucial to STD prevention and treatment. According to a study by Sherry Farr and her colleagues at the CDC, it shows that only 39% of women are actually taking advantage of both services, thus putting themselves at unnecessary risk.
The old cliché "knowledge is power" has never been more relevant than in a case such as the struggles of teens and young adults against sexually transmitted diseases, so get educated and get involved!
SOURCE:
Kait Silva, acedmagazine.com
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CNSNews.com) - In a Dec. 1 op-ed in the Washington Post, First Lady Laura Bush said Americans need to "practice safe sex," use condoms "every time," and get tested for HIV/AIDS. Her spokeswoman repeated the message to Cybercast News Service this week. However, it is a message that is contrary to the Bush administration's policy position on abstinence education as the best way to fight HIV/AIDS.
